The article, ''The Treadmill of Destruction:
National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans'',
by Gregory Hooks of Washington State University
and Chad Smith, now of Texas State
University-San Marcos, is published in the
American Sociological Review.
In
the 20th century, the United States fought and
won two global wars and prevailed in the Cold
War, Hooks and Smith said.
''The
geopolitical demands of remaining the world's
leading military power pushed the United States
to produce, test and deploy weapons of
unprecedented toxicity. Native Americans have
been left exposed to the dangers of this toxic
legacy.''
Pointing
to the racism of slavery and chemical pollution
in the southern United States, the authors said,
''Environmental inequality in the United States
also displays the imprint of the nation's racist
history.''
While
relying on the Department of Defense's own data,
the researchers expose facts readily available,
but seldom published. Written for the field of
sociology, the authors examine the human side of
toxicity, war and racism.
The
data is readily available, but a review of the
DOD's Native American Environmental Tracking
System shows the damage and impacts listed are
minimal and superficial, a mere fraction of the
toxicity that remains.
For
instance, asbestos was cited as a hazard of
buildings at Fort Wingate Army Depot, which is
surrounded by the Navajo Nation and Zuni Pueblo.
Navajos, however, have far greater concerns.
In
1918, the Army established the munitions-depot
around an old cavalry post. Then, from 1918
until its closure in 1993, the 22,000-acre
installation stored and demolished ammunition,
seven miles east of Gallup. The tribes now use
it jointly, with the army retaining the other
half for missile testing and launching.
In
1993, when Navajos were dying from the
Hantavirus and respiratory hemorrhaging, the
Indian Health Service in Window Rock, Ariz.,
kept confidential an IHS map showing that all of
the initial deaths from Hantavirus occurred in a
circle around Fort Wingate Army Depot, which was
being decommissioned at the time.
When
the wind currents and populated areas were taken
into consideration, Fort Wingate was located
dead center, the nucleus of the Hantavirus
deaths.
As
the army depot buildings were being torn down,
and Navajos were dying from Hantavirus, said
Navajo Councilman George John of Red Mesa, Ariz.
''I
believe it is the result of biological warfare,
stored at Fort Wingate, and released during the
decommissioning,'' John said.
The
Army denied the allegation and the Centers for
Disease Control said the Hantavirus was carried
by field mice. However, CDC's determination was
considered invalid by Navajos. The areas on the
Navajo Nation with the largest populations of
field mice are in the pinon forests of the
Chuska and Tsaile mountains, the region least
affected by Hantavirus. There was also no
justification for the sudden outbreak.
Another
case in the Department of Defense NAETS files
reveals more mystery in a Navajo Nation DOD
site.
''Nauaya
Gra Res AX'' is listed without information, on
or near the Navajo Nation, with impacts unknown.
''The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
DERP-FUDS files consist of a one-page document
that states that no records are available for
the site.'' The National Archives and Records
Administration, Pacific Region, also reported
there are no records available, stated the
report of the Department of Defense NAETS.
What
was Nauaya Gra Res AX? The only other reference
on the Internet describes it as a military site
in Coconino County in Arizona. The county
includes the western portion of the Navajo
Nation.
Calling
it environmental inequality, Hooks and Smith
said the poisoning of Indian country is not
explained by capitalism alone, but involves
complex geopolitics. The consequences of
military expansion are voracious consumption of
natural resources and the deposition of toxic
waste.
Hooks
and Smith's study only considers closed military
bases, because of national security concerns.
But it opens the door to examine the
environmental hazards at functioning military
bases in and around Indian country.
Cold
War uranium mining left unprotected Navajo
miners dead in the Four Corners region, but is
not listed by the DOD because it was carried out
under corporate contract.
Also,
research often fails to reveal the combined
toxicity generated from military bases, numerous
power plants, coal mines and oil and gas wells
in and around the Navajo Nation.
Hooks
and Smith said the wars of the 20th century have
been unprecedented in their ferocity and
lethality. Political sociology must examine the
destructiveness of war and the unevenness of
''sacrifices'' for national security.
Their
research shows that American Indians were first
the victims of physical genocide and later the
targets of a slow and toxic genocide.
''That
is, over the course of the 19th century, through
a process that would be referred to as ethnic
cleansing in contemporary debates, the United
States forced nearly all Native Americans onto
reservations located in western states.''
As
the United States became the world's leading
military power, it built a vast military complex
in the same western states in which Americans
Indians were concentrated.
The
military chose federally owned and American
Indian lands, often in close proximity and
primarily in the west that tended to be too dry,
remote, or barren to attract colonizers and
corporations.
As
this data slowly becomes public, the inequality
has come to be identified as ''environmental
genocide.'' With a domino effect, once a locale
has been seriously degraded, it often attracts
additional pollution.
Indian
country is now riddled with the United States'
''national sacrifice'' and ''human sacrifice
zones.''
On
former bombing ranges, such as the South Unit of
the Badlands on Pine Ridge tribal land in South
Dakota, live bombs remain.
The
government estimates that unexploded ordnances -
including mines, nerve gases and explosive
shells - contaminates 20 million to 50 million
acres of land in the United States.
It
will take up to 1,000 years to return this land
to safe and productive use.
''Some
may be so damaged, we may not attempt to clean
it up,'' Hooks and Smith said.
Access
to information about individual tribes and
installations may be found in a database
maintained by the Department of Defense. A
portion of the information is only available to
tribal members with registration. Visit: https://naets.usace.army.mil/web/tribe/tribe.cfm.
www.StopLewisAndClark.org
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